Prawns

A confusing turnabout in gastronomic appelation, the California spot prawn is really a shrimp, and the ridgeback shrimp is a true prawn. Without a doubt, both are delicious.

Spot prawns are aptly named for the four bright white spots on their bodies. Commonly found from Alaska to San Diego, spot prawns inhabit rocky and adjacent areas at depths from about 150 to 1,600 feet. These prawns begin life as males then change sex to female after about two years, as they near spawning age. Spot prawns live about six years, reaching six inches in length. Monterey fishermen trap spot prawns yearlong; southern California trawlers fish for spot prawns during summer, and switch to ridgebacks in winter.

Ridgebacks, sometimes called Santa Barbara shrimp, are found from Monterey to Baja California and are fished primarily in the Santa Barbara Channel. The ridgeback's life span is about 4 years, and the sexes remain separate. With their sharp, spiny shells, "ridgies" are the dickens to peel but may be the sweetest tasting prawn on the West Coast.

Venomous Fish Outnumber Snakes

It's a good thing fish wouldn't survive long if loose on a plane. A new study finds there are more venomous fish than venomous snakes.

The 1,200 presumably venomous fish tallied in a new study is six times previous estimates. Fish with a biting bite outnumber all other venomous vertebrates combined, in fact.

"The results of this research were quite surprising," said researcher William Leo Smith of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.

This might surprise you, too: More than 50,000 people are poisoned by fish bites every year, Smith and his colleague said. Symptoms range from blisters to death.

Watch out

Among the fish to look out for: lionfishes, catfishes, scorpionfishes, weeverfishes, toadfishes, surgeonfishes, scats, jacks, rabbitfishes, stargazers, and stonefishes. [Gallery of Venomous Fish]

Smith conducted the study along with Ward Wheeler, Curator in the Museum’s Division of Invertebrate Zoology. The results are reported in the Journal of Heredity.

Where are they all?

"Venomous fishes are in almost all habitats," Smith told LiveScience. "They range from mountain streams to the depths of all oceans, but the vast majority of the most venomous fishes are in the tropics, he said.

There are also "plenty of venomous fishes" in the United States, but most are "not particularly harmful," Smith said. Exceptions include a few scorpionfishes in California and the Western Atlantic.

"However, there is always the possibility of introduced species being quite venomous," he said. "And, we have an example of this in the case of the lionfish/firefish, which became introduced in Florida, and now individuals can be collected at least as far north as Long Island in the fall."

Should swimmers worry? "For the most part, no," Smith said. "But people should always exercise caution when dealing with unfamiliar fishes or known venomous species."

The good news

The study could be important for the development of new drugs. Venoms pack proteins that can be used to develop drugs to treat a range of ails from allergies to pain and even cancer, the scientists say. While many creatures have been tapped for drug development, fish remain a relatively untapped resource.

Six treatments for stroke or cancer developed from snake venom are nearing FDA review, the scientists point out. Scorpion venom has been used in a brain cancer treatment.

The new list was developed through DNA studies and morphological analysis of spiny-rayed fishes.

A separate study last year found there could be more than 1,500 venomous lizards

Warmer Seas Leave Fish Gasping

Warming oceans, one of the major consequences of global climate change, are making another marine species feel like a fish out of water, scientists report.

Biologists have known for years that global warming is linked to declining fish stocks, but a new study of eelpouts--big-headed fish that resemble eels--is the first to go deeper and see how warmer seas are linked to how fishes take in oxygen.

Scientists at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Germany studied the relationship between sea temperature and eelpouts counts in the Southern North Sea, combining data from the field with lab investigations of eelpout physiology.

The researchers not only found that the oxygen levels in the waters of the North and Baltic seas have dropped due to increasing temperatures over the past 50 years, a factor that reduces fish populations. They also found that eelpouts need more oxygen in warmer waters, a second factor that is reducing their numbers.

Difficulty in taking up oxygen via respiration and blood circulation, caused by the warming waters, proved to be the key factor in diminishing the size of the fish stock.

The study, published in the Jan. 5 issue of the journal Science, also noted that the population of eelpouts dropped as average summer temperatures increased. The impact was also observed in the short term such that eelpout numbers decreased the year immediately after a warm summer.

Animals tolerate a limited range of environmental conditions. Anything out of their tolerance window can cause damage. Fish in the North Sea have evolved to tolerate a wider range of temperatures than fish elsewhere due to the large seasonal fluctuations there. However, warming waters and their impact on oxygen supply can stress fish to the point that their thermal tolerance range is thrown off and they perish, the scientists said.

In the future, eelpouts could prove to be important bioindicators that would help experts assess what might happen to other marine species in the region, the scientists said.

Worldwide, warming waters can be expected to strain species that require lots of oxygen, forcing them to either relocate to cooler waters or face extinction, the authors write

California Spiny Lobster

California spiny lobster range from Monterey Bay to Mexico, but most of the catch comes from the southern California coast and Channel Islands. Female lobster migrate to the shallows to spawn during spring and summer; in fall the population moves offshore to mate. Larval lobster drift in the ocean for 18 months and molt 12 times before they settle on the bottom. Adult lobster shed their shells once a year. Typically found in rocky habitat ranging from the intertidal zone to more than 240 feet deep, lobster are nocturnal, hiding in the rocks by day and foraging widely at night.

California lobster fishermen set rectangular traps for lobster. Trap regulations require an escape port for undersized lobster, and trap doors are fastened with bare metal crimps that dissolve in seawater over time. Open season extends from the first Wednesday in October to the first Wednesday after March 15. Minimum legal size for the commercial catch is 3.25" carapace length; these lobster reach legal size in 7 to 11 years. California spiny lobster lack the large pincer claws characteristic of east coast lobster; thus the sweet, tender meat is concentrated in the tail. California spiny lobster's fine texture and sweet flavor are prized in Asian markets

Rock and Spider Crab

California fishermen harvest three distinct species of rock crab -- all cousins of the Dungeness. Most of the catch comes from the Santa Barbara region, where rock crab are available yearlong. These members of the Cancer family are noted for the flavorful meat in their legs and claws; unlike Dungeness, there is little meat in the body.

Spider crab, also known as sheep crab, range from Cordell Bank (Marin County) south to Baja California in depths of 20 to 410 feet. They are caught in traps primarily in southern California. These knobby, long-legged crab are an uncommon treat: connoisseurs say the delicate flavor and firm texture of spider crabs' plentiful leg and body meat surpasses that of snow crab. Spider crab are sometimes called California king crab

Dungeness Crab

The largest edible true crab on the West Coast, Dungeness are fished from Alaska to central California and are generally found on open sandy bottom or near rocky reef-type substrate. Fishermen deploy circular crab pots to catch Dungeness, leaving them submerged on the ocean bottom overnight or longer, depending on fishing conditions. The central coast season opens the second Tuesday in November; Dungeness are a Thanksgiving tradition in the San Francisco Bay area. The northern California season opens December 1 (coinciding with Oregon and Washington) and extends to July 15. Northern ports of Crescent City, Eureka, and Fort Bragg account for as much as 95 percent of statewide landings.

The seasons are established to allow harvesting when crab are in prime market condition. Regulations prohibit commercial harvest of female crab and set a minimum size limit on males of 6 1/4" measured across the back. Dungeness are generally sold in whole, cooked form, although some are marketed alive, even shipped overseas. This popular seafood is often served in salads, in cioppino, or simply cracked on the plate, accompanied by drawn butter and crusty sourdough bread

Yellowfin Tuna

Yellowfin tuna are found throughout the tropical Pacific. The world's single largest biomass of yellowfin inhabits the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP), ranging from Chile to southern California. Tagging studies indicate that the ETP stock is a single population, with seasonal coastal migrations but no large-scale movement to the central or western Pacific. In the daytime, mature yellowfin associate with dolphins to some degree in all the world oceans. However, the relationship with dolphins is well-developed in the eastern Pacific. ETP tuna stocks have been regulated by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission since 1966.

Tuna was first canned in California in 1903; by 1907 the industry was well established, packing primarily albacore. By the late 1920's, the volume had shifted to yellowfin and the smaller skipjack. The development of brine refrigeration in the late 1930's led to the fishery's expansion far southward. In 1957, the introduction of strong, light-weight nylon netting and the power block spurred the traditional bait boat fleet to convert to purse seines, a more efficient and effective way to catch tuna.

The U.S. tuna fleet based in southern California grew to become the largest of its kind in the world. From 1982 through 1984, the major canneries in southern California relocated outside the U.S., unable to compete with foreign labor rates and increasing competition from imported, lower-priced water-packed tuna. The relocation of industry, and increasingly rigid marine mammal protection policies, are primary reasons why most U.S. tuna vessels now fish in the Western Pacific (many vessels also were forced to reflag or went bankrupt). California's tuna fleet is now a distant-water fleet that delivers its catch to canneries in Asia, American Samoa, South America and Puerto Rico

Bluefin Tuna

Bluefin spawn between Japan and the Philippines in the spring and summer and migrate across the Pacific in their first or second year of life, the journey taking seven months or less. These fast-swimming fish may grow to several hundred pounds. Bluefin are rarely encountered south of Cabo San Lucas, Baja California, or north of Point Conception, California. Purse seiners targeting mackerel and sardines occasionally spot the herring-bone pattern of bluefin schools in the Santa Barbara Channel in summer and fall. In the fall of 1988, seiners landed nearly 1,000 large bluefin in a three-month period. Most of the fish were flown to Japan, where this ruby-red-meated fish is prized as sashimi and brings a high price.

Albacore Tuna

Albacore is the only tuna species allowed to be marketed as white meat tuna. Traditionally the premium canned tuna, this highly migratory species is gaining prestige in the finest white-tablecloth restaurants and sushi bars for its mild, delicate flavor.

A cosmopolitan fish, albacore range in subtropical and temperate oceans worldwide. In the Pacific, juvenile albacore embark on well-defined migrations between eastern and western shores. Research suggests that at least two subpopulations inhabit the North Pacific, each with different migration patterns. Spawning adults, more than six years old, make shorter journeys than their offspring.

Off the North American coast in summer and fall, albacore run from Baja California northward to Canada's Queen Charlotte Islands. California albacore fishermen troll feathered jigs at the ocean surface to catch these swift-swimming fish. Several members of the fleet also travel to the South Pacific to fish albacore during wintertime

Swordfish

Swordfish are found in tropical and temperate oceans worldwide. In the Pacific, swordfish range from Asia to the Americas and from northern waters off Alaska to the southern reaches of South America. Preferring warmer climes, swordfish characteristically surface at night and move to the depths in daylight. These broadbills congregate in areas where food is abundant, along frontal zones where ocean currents meet to create turbulence and sharp temperature breaks. There are five such zones in the Pacific, and this is where most fishing occurs. Swordfish are fished by many Pacific Rim countries: the top swordfish harvesting nations in the Pacific are Japan, Chile, and the Philippines, in order. California ranks fourth, representing about 10% of Pacific swordfish landings.

California swordfish fishermen are the most strictly regulated of all Pacific Rim fleets. Most California swordfish are caught with super-wide-mesh drift gillnets (18"-22" mesh) in a season open from August through January. The regulated use of these nets insures a consistent catch in all water conditions. Often enduring dangerous ocean conditions, California fishermen may range from north of San Francisco to the Mexican border and up to 200 miles offshore in search of swordfish. The men and women of California's swordfish fleet work hard to deliver a top-quality product to market. One of the most popular seafoods, swordfish steak is moderate flavored and can be easily broiled, baked, or grilled

Thresher Shark

Found in temperate waters, thresher sharks inhabit the Atlantic Ocean from the Gulf of Maine to the Gulf of Mexico. In the Pacific, they range from British Columbia to southern California. These fish move with the season and water temperature; big fish tend to swim north in summer and south in winter. Reaching 25 feet in length, the thresher is identified by its small mouth and a tail that measures almost half of its total body length, which is used to stun prey.

California's commercial thresher shark season is open August 15 to December 15 inside 25 miles of the coast. Most thresher are caught within 25 miles of the mainland in an area extending from central California to the Mexican border. California fishermen with special permits employ super large-mesh (18"-22") drift gillnets to catch thresher, fishing at night and retrieving the catch at dawn. The fishery is closed in spring and early summer to protect breeding populations. Thresher are slow-growing sharks that give birth to live young, usually two to four pups a year.

Shark has become increasingly popular dining fare in the last decade. The primary shark harvested in California, thresher possesses firm texture, mild flavor, and pinkish colored flesh. A popular meat for grilling, it is also excellent when broiled, baked, or steamed. Other mild-flavored, equally tasty shark species landed in California include mako, also called bonito shark, and nearshore shark species such as angel, leopard , and soupfin shark

Pacific Sardine

Small pelagic fish often found in association with mackerel and anchovy, Pacific sardines are a member of the herring family. The principal stock ranges from northern Baja California northward as far as Alaska. Historically this population migrated extensively, moving north as far as British Columbia in summer and returning to southern California in the fall. In the 1930's and '40's, Pacific sardines provided the source for the largest fishery in North America; the sardine industry centered in California. More than 100 canneries and reduction plants from San Diego to San Francisco employed thousands of workers to process sardines. At its peak in 1936-37, this industry encompassed more than 350 boats, which produced 726,000 tons of fish. About 70% of the catch was reduced for fishmeal and 30% went for food -- three million cases of canned sardines.

Beginning in the late 1940's, sardines vanished -- first from the Pacific Northwest, then from Monterey, and in the 1950's from southern California. Scientists now recognize that, beyond fishing pressure, a change in oceanic cycles, reflected in an extended period of below-normal water temperatures, greatly influenced the decline.

In this current warm-water oceanic cycle, sardines have returned to abundance and fishing is regulated by quotas determined by the size of the spawning biomass. Today a much smaller wetfish fleet fishes sardines. In Monterey, sardine fishing peaks in summertime, when the fish are larger. In southern California, the sardine fishery begins in January. A federal management plan for coastal pelagic species, including sardines, anchovy, and mackerel, is under development by the Pacific Fishery Management Council

Sole fish

Dover, English, Petrale, and Rex sole are all highly popular flatfish species caught by California's trawl fleet. Until the emergence of the Pacific whiting fishery, these sole species were the most abundant groundfish in the California catch. The sole family is caught jointly with other marketable groundfish such as sablefish and thornyheads. Eureka, followed by Fort Bragg, Crescent City, Monterey, San Francisco, Morro Bay, and Port San Luis are the primary ports producing sole.

Generally speaking, soles spawn in deep water during wintertime and, shortly after spawning, move inshore through spring and summer months. However, tagging studies found that many mature Dover sole remain in deep water yearlong. Petrale tend to move shoreward and northward in summer.

Also varying by species, the sole family ranges from Baja California to northwest Alaska or the Bering Sea. Dover can be found on mud bottoms to depths of 4,800 feet. English and Petrale sole extend as deep as 1,500 - 1,800 feet. Petrale prefer sand bottom and have been known to move great distances. Petrale are larger than most California flatfish, and are the premium sole at market. Rex sole, which occur to about 2,100 foot depths on muddy-sandy bottom, are generally not filleted because their thin body does not allow for efficient recovery. Rex are highly prized by conoisseurs for bright, white flesh and a sweet, distinctive taste

Salmon

All Pacific salmon are anadromous, beginning life upstream, migrating to the ocean, then returning to their natal stream to spawn and die. King salmon, the largest of five Pacific salmon species, spawn in suitable rivers from the Sacramento - San Joaquin system northward.

California's commercial salmon fishery has endured since the mid-1800's. King salmon is the primary catch, although fishermen also occasionally land pink salmon. (Coho, or silver, salmon have been a prohibited catch for several years.) In its earliest days, the fishery operated in the lower Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, stimulated by the canning industry. The first salmon cannery on the Pacific coast began operating on the Sacramento River in 1864. Peaking in 1881-82, the industry later collapsed; the last cannery closed in 1919.

The ocean troll fishery began in the 1880's in Monterey Bay, the first trollers going to sea in small sailboats. Today's fishermen still use the basic techniques developed in the 1920's and '30's -- including powered gurdies and four to six main trolling lines. Today, entry to the fishery is limited. A fleet that numbered approximately 2,900 trollers in 1992 fish in a season that extends from May 1 through September 30, south of San Francisco. North of San Francisco Bay, the season is highly regulated to conserve Klamath River salmon stocks

Sablefish

Sablefish range from the Asiatic coast of the Bering Sea to northern Baja California. Dark gray to black in color, sablefish are sometimes called blackcod, although not a member of the cod family. They have long been an important component of the California catch. In the 1930's sablefish livers, rich in vitamin A, commanded a higher price than the meat. In recent years, most of the sablefish caught in California, as well as elsewhere on the Pacific coast, have been exported to Japan, where the velvet-textured, oily, white-meated fish is highly prized. The high oil content of the flesh produces an excellent smoked product. Many experts regard sablefish as one of the best flavored of all fish. Fishermen employ longlines, trawl nets, and traps to catch sablefish

Rockfish

Rockfish belong to the family Scorpaenidae, or scorpionfishes. One of the most important fish families in California waters, the rockfish group encompasses 59 species, most of them desirable at market. State law allows 13 species to be called Pacific red snapper. These include widow, bocaccio, chilipepper, vermilion, yellowtail, black, and olive rockfish, to name several. However, none of these fish is a true red snapper, which is an Atlantic species not found on the West Coast.

Many rockfish species range from Baja California to British Columbia, and some extend to Alaska. Adults of most species are found at depths to 1,200 feet. Rockfish are basically non-migratory fish. Recognized by the sharp spines on their dorsal fins, rockfish vary in length from 20" to 37" and may weigh up to 30 pounds. The species mix varies by area and fishing method: fishermen use hook and line (a category that includes both troll and longline), gillnets, and trawl nets to catch rockfish. Gillnet and trawl catches, which produce the largest volume at a reasonable price, are often processed into fillets for restaurants and retail sale, although some of this fish is also marketed whole. Hook and line rockfish are usually marketed in whole form, with a growing number delivered alive. Considered premium quality by Oriental markets, the hook and line catch receives top price.

Pacific Mackerel

Pacific mackerel, also called blue mackerel, occur worldwide in temperate and subtropical coastal waters. In the eastern Pacific they range from Chile to the Gulf of Alaska but are most abundant south of Point Conception, the demarkation point of southern California. These fish form dense schools as a defense against predators and are often found with other pelagic species, including jack mackerel and sardines.

Pacific mackerel supported one of California's major fisheries during the 1930's and '40's, and again during the 1980's and early 90's. A "wetfish," along with anchovies and sardines, mackerel are so called because they are canned with minimal pre-processing (wet from the ocean). The canning of Pacific mackerel began in the 1920's, paralleling the development of California's sardine industry. During the 1930's, mackerel was second only to Pacific sardines in total annual landings. From 1984 through 1991, Pacific mackerel ranked first in volume of finfish landed in California.

Mackerel is still an important catch for California's traditional purse seine fleet, which operates yearlong in the southern California Bight, occasionally traveling to offshore banks and the Channel Islands. Monterey's round-haul fleet also lands mackerel. Mackerel have a cyclic and seasonal pattern: fish tend to move offshore and out of range of the coastal fishery from January through May, then become increasingly abundant inshore until late fall. California's harvest is also governed by a quota that varies with the estimated biomass; this biomass is influenced by natural oceanic cycles.

Commercially harvested Pacific mackerel seldom exceed 16 inches in length and two pounds. Currently most of the Pacific mackerel catch is canned for human consumption and pet food, with a small amount sold to the fresh market

California Halibut

These bottom-dwelling flatfish are yearlong residents in sand and mud-bottomed coastal waters, found from the surf zone to about 300 feet deep, from Washington State to Baja California. The area of greatest abundance is southern California and northern Baja. California halibut, with a maximum length of 60 inches and weight to 72 pounds, are smaller than Pacific halibut. Ambush predators with both eyes usually located on the left side of the head, California halibut are non-schooling, unpredictable, elusive fish -- the "bread and butter" fish of California's nearshore groundfish fishery. Twenty-two inches is the minimum legal length for commercial sale of California halibut. In the last decade, California fishermen have provided an average 1.1 million pounds of this mild-flavored, white-meat fish to consumers. In normal ocean cycles, more than 70% of the catch originates in central and southern California waters. Because of their economy of operation and consistent ability to catch fish, gillnets historically provided most of California's halibut catch. California halibut are also caught with hook and line and large-mesh trawl in designated areas

Hake (Pacific whiting)

Pacific hake, the single largest biomass of fish in the Pacific, are found from the Gulf of Alaska to the Gulf of California. The largest of four major stocks, the "coastal stock" is managed by the Pacific Fishery Management Council. Pacific whiting was considered an underutilized species until 1991, the first year that the entire quota was caught and processed by the U.S. fishing industry. (Although a small domestic fishery for hake has continued since the late 1800's, beginning in 1966 foreign fleets, and later joint ventures, with foreign processing vessels served by U.S. catcher boats, harvested hake.)

A delicate, white-meated fish, Pacific whiting are now processed into surimi by both sea-going factory trawlers and shoreside processing plants. Surimi, highly refined minced fish, is used in the production of imitation crab, scallop, and shrimp products. Shore-based plants in northern California, Oregon, and Washington process whiting.

Barracuda

California barracuda are nearshore, epipelagic, schooling fish found from Cabo San Lucas, Baja California, to Kodiak Island, Alaska. Thin and toothy, an axe handle with jaws, Pacific barracuda are smaller than their Atlantic relatives, and undeserving of the fierce image conjured by their name. However, the California variety is a fighting fish on a sportsman's line. Barracuda became a popular game fish after World War II. The catch has historically centered in southern California and northern Baja.

Barracuda figured prominently in the development of California's purse seine fishery in the early 1900's. Landings peaked in the early 1940's, then declined, while a series of state regulations supplanted the purse seine in favor of gillnets and hook and line. A popular market fish during the fishery's heyday, barracuda fell out of fashion -- out of sight, out of mind -- as the public taste turned to shark. Barracuda have returned to abundance, awaiting rediscovery as Californians increasingly value the health benefits of Omega-3-rich seafood.